Chapter 7
Who determined that DNA is the genetic material rather than proteins?
What type of experiments determined that DNA is the genetic material rather than proteins?
Who was involved in determining the structure of DNA?
What is the shape of a DNA strand?
Which nitrogenous bases bond to each other?
What is a purine? A pyrimidine?
What do I mean when I describe DNA replication as semi-conservative?
What are the steps in DNA replication?
Which enzymes are involved in DNA replication?
Does DNA replication have a direction and if so, what is the direction?
Where does replication take place?
What does antiparallel mean?
What happens if a mutation occurs during repliation?
What is PCR? Why is it used?
What type of enzymes can cut DNA?
Why is gel electrophoresis used?
What is DNA profiling, and what is it used for?

Chapter 8
What is apoptosis?
How is DNA packaged?
What is a nucleosome?
What is a karyotype?
What does diploid mean? Haploid?
Be sure you can draw the steps in mitosis.
What are the steps in the cell cycle?
What is happening during each step in the cell cycle?
What are the steps in interphase?
What is happening during each step?
What are the steps in mitosis?
What is happening during each step of mitosis?
What is separating in anaphase?
What are the checkpoints that determine cell fate?
How do cancer cells differ from normal cells?
What are some causes of cancer?
How does apoptosis play a role in shaping organisms?

Chapter 9
What is the advantage of sexual reproduction?
How does sexual reproduction differ from asexual reproduction?
Be sure you can draw each stage of meiosis.
What is the difference between haploid cells and diploid cells?
What are the steps in meiosis?
How many divisions occur in meiosis?
What is crossing over?
What are the sources of variability that occur in meiosis?
How many daughter cells are produced in meiosis?
What types of cells undergo meiosis?
How many chromosomes are in the gametes of humans?
What are gametes?
What are sister chromatids?
What are homologous chromosomes?
What is a karyotype?
What causes Down Syndrome?
What is nondisjunction?
What is polyploidy?
What kinds of alterations occur if an individual gets too many sex chromosomes?
What happens if an individual gets too many autosomes?
What are autosomes?
What is a deletion and what is the effect?
What is a inversion and what is the effect?
What is a duplication and what is the effect?
What is a translocation and what is the effect?
How are sperm cells made?
How are egg cells made?
What differs in the production of sperm and egg cells?
What generation in plants produces the gametes?

Chapter 10
Be sure you can predict the outcome of a cross by working out a punnett square.
Who was Mendel and what did he study?
what is a gene?
What is an allele?
What does dominant mean?
What does recessive mean?
What does homozygous mean?
What does heterozygous mean?
What are Mendel's laws of gene segregation and of independent assortment?
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
What is a wild type and what is a mutant?
What is a pedigree and what is it used for?
What are the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios for a 1 trait heterozygous cross (monohybrid)?
What are the expected phenotypic ratios for a 2 trait heterozygous cross (dihybrid)?
When is a dominant allele expressed?
When is a recessive allele expressed?
What is incomplete dominance?
What is codominance?
How can the environment influence expression?
What is plieotropy?
What is epistasis?
Can one gene influence multiple phenotypes?
Can many genes be involved in the production of just one phenotype?

Chapter 11
What is an autosome?
How many autosomes do humans have?
What kinds of sex chromosomes are present in humans?
How many sex chromosomes do humans have?
Which characteristics are used to pair chromosomes in a karyotype?
How do geneticists map chromosomes?
How likely is crossing over between genes on separate chromosomes?
How likely is crossing over between genes on the same chromosome?
What does crossing over do?
What is a pedigree? How is it used?
What is an autosomal dominant disease (in general, you will not have to know specific diseases)?
What is an autosomal recessive disease (in general, you will not have to know specific diseases)?
What is different about the two sex chromosomes found in humans?
What are sex-linked genes?
Why do sex-linked disorders mostly affect males?
How many X chromosomes are expressed at any given time in female cells?
What is X-inactivation?
Why does X-inactivation occur?

Chapter 12
What is the structure of DNA?
What is the structure of RNA?
What are the differences between RNA and DNA?
How many types of RNA were discussed in class?
What is the function of each type of RNA?
What is transcription?
What is translation?
What are the steps in transcription?
Does transcription have a direction and if so, what is the direction?
What is the product of transcription?
Where does transcription take place?
Is RNA processed after synthesis?
What is a codon?
What are the steps in translation?
Where is a protein synthesized?
Which types of RNA are involved in translation?
What is an amino acid?
How does tRNA code for a particular amino acid?
Why is protein folding so important?
Do prokaryotes and eukaryotes regulate gene expression in the same way?
What is an operator?
What is a repressor?
How does the lac operon work (in general)?
What is a transcription factor?
How do transcription factors affect eukaryotic transcription?
Besides transcription factors, how do eukaryotic cells regulate gene expression?
How do mutations affect gene expression?
What types of mutations were discussed in class?
What is the potential effect of each type of mutation?
What causes mutations?
When do mutations get passed on to the next generation?
Are there any positive mutations?
What was learned from the human genome project?
What is recombinant DNA?
What is a transgenic organism?
Why are transgenic organisms useful in science?
How are transgenic organisms produced?
What is cDNA?
What is a cloning vector?
What is a plasmid?
What is a restriction enzyme, and how it is used?
What is gene therapy?
How can gene expression be blocked?