Chapter 1
What is the difference between consumers and producers (know a few examples)?
Know the cell types including their similarities and differences.
What is the basic structure of DNA?
What are the levels of taxonomic organization?
What are the three domains, and what kingdoms are in each domain?
What is the scientific method?
List the steps in the scientific method.
Be able to explain the important steps in designing an experiment.
Be able to explain the difference between a hypothesis and a theory.
What are the possible types of reproduction?

Chapter 2
What are elements?
What are atoms?
What are the parts (and their charges) of an atom?
What are isotopes?
What are molecules?
What holds molecules together?
What types of bonds share electrons?
What types of bonds ‘steal’ electrons?
Of those bonds that share, which ones share equally and which ones do not?
Where do hydrogen bonds form?
Between which types of elements do covalent bonds occur?
Between which types of elements do ionic bonds occur?
What does hydrophobic mean?
What does hydrophilic mean?
What is adhesion?
What is cohesion?
What are the important chemical characteristics of water (freezing, etc.)?
What is pH?
How is pH measured?
What is an acid?
What does an acid contribute to a solution?
What is a base?
What does a base remove from a solution?
What is a buffer?
What is a monomer?
What is a polymer?
With what process are monomers linked into polymers?
What is a carbohydrate composed of?
What size is a polysaccharide?
What is the process that joins two carbohydrates?
What is the process that separates two carbohydrates?
Know several examples of carbohydrates.
Where are carbohydrates found and what is their function?
What is a lipid composed of?
What is a triglyceride? A phospholipid?
Know several examples of lipids.
Where are lipids found and what is their function?
What is a protein composed of?
What size is a polypeptide? A dipeptide?
What is the process that joins two amino acids?
What is the process that separates two amino acids?
Were are proteins found and what is their function?
What is a nucleic acid?
What is the function of a nucleic acid?
What are the components of an amino acid?
What are enzymes?
How do enzymes function?
What are the various levels of protein folding (conformation)?
What are nucleic acids composed of?
What do nucleic acids do?
Be prepared to give examples of nucleic acids.

Chapter 3
Be familiar with the scientists and their respective innovations discussed in lecture.
What are the differences between the microscopes discussed in lecture?
What are the characteristics of cells from each of the domains?
What is the nucleus? What is its function?
What is the mitochondrion? What is its function?
What is the golgi apparatus (dictyosome)? What is its function?
What is a chloroplast? What is its function?
What is a lysosome? What is its function?
What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)? What is its function?
What is the difference between smooth and rough ER?
What is the vacuole? What is its function?
Which organelles are found only in plants?
Which organelles are part of the endomembrane system?
What are microtubules made of? Where are they found?
How large are microtubules? What is their function?
What are microfilaments made of? Where are they found?
How large are microfilaments? What is their function?
What are intermediate filaments made of? Where are they found?
How large are intermediate filaments? What is their function?
What are tight junctions?
What are gap junctions?
What are anchoring junctions?
What are plasmodesmata?
Cells in which kingdom have plasmodesmata?

Chapter 4
What is the primary source of energy for earth?
What is energy?
What is an oxidation-reduction reaction?
What is potential energy?
What is kinetic energy?
What is the 1st law of thermodynamics?
What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics?
What is metabolism?
What are the components of metabolism?
Is energy released or used up in an endergonic reaction?
Is energy released or used up in an exergonic reaction?
What is the energy of activation?
What is free energy?
What is bond energy? Is it potential or kinetic?
What is chemical equilibrium?
What are electron transport chains? How do they work?
What is the structure of ATP? How does it work?
What are cofactors? What is their function?
What are coenzymes? Which 3 did we discuss in class?
How do enzymes function?
What is negative feedback? How does it work?
What is diffusion? Is it passive or active?
What is osmosis? Is it passive or active?
What is passive transport? How does it work?
What is active transport? How does it work?
What is exocytosis?
What is endocytosis?

Chapter 5
What is the summary reaction for photosynthesis?
What is the electromagnetic spectrum?
Which wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum is visible light?
What types of pigments are present in plants?
What is a chloroplast?
Where is a chloroplast located? What is its function?
How many membranes does a chloroplast have?
What are the sacs in the chloroplast called?
What is the innermost part of a chloroplast called?
What are the light dependent reactions? What is their function?
What is produced in the PSII portion of the ETC?
What is produced in the PSI portion of the ETC?
Where do the light dependent reactions take place?
What are the carbon reactions? What is their function?
What enzyme is responsible for binding carbon dioxide to RuBP?
What is produced in the carbon reactions?
Where do the carbon reactions take place?
What is photorespiration and when does it take place?
What is different about C3 metabolism versus C4 metabolism?
What is different about C3 metabolism versus CAM metabolism?
What is different about C4 metabolism versus CAM metabolism?
Where are C3 plants generally found?
Where are C4 plants generally found?
Where are CAM plants generally found?

Chapter 6
What are the reactants in cellular respiration? What are the products?
How many membranes does the mitochondria have?
What is the innermost space of the mitochondria called?
What happens during phosphorylation?
What gets put into glycolysis?
Where does glycolysis occur?
What are the products of glycolysis?
What gets put into the Krebs cycle?
Where does the Krebs cycle occur?
What are the products of the Krebs cycle?
What gets put into the electron transport chain?
Where does electron transport occur?
What are the products of electron transport?
What is the energy summary for each step in the metabolic pathway?
What is fermentation and when does it occur?
Which of the pathways in Ch.5 and Ch.6 is the oldest?