Chapter 39
What are gibberellins? How do they work? What do they do?
What are Brassinosteroids? How do they work? What do they do?
What is ABA? How do they work? What do they do?
What is ethylene? How do they work? What do they do?
What is apoptosis? How does it work?
What are tropisms? How do they work?
What are nastic movements? How do they work?

Chapter 40
What are the 4 whorls of flowers?
What are the types of flower symmetry?
What are the different ovary positions?
What does monoecious mean? Dioecious?
How does the male gametophyte develop? Where?
How does the female gametophyte develop? Where?
What happens during double fertilization?
What happens to the triploid endosperm during seed development?
Botanically speaking, whaat is a fruit?
What is dormancy, and how is it broken?
What happens as seeds germinate?
How does this vary between monocots and dictots?
What is asexual reproduction?
How does asexual reproduction occur?
What are the risks of genetically modified crops?

Chapter 32
What is an animal?
How do most animals reproduce?
What does diploblastic mean? Triploblastic?
Be familiar with basic animal vocabulary (such as anterior, posterior, etc.).
What is a coelom and what is the function?
How do protestomes and deuterostomes differ?
Be familiar with the variation used to classify animals (such as feeding structures, movement, appendages, etc.).
What are the differences between animals that are viviparous, oviparous, and ovoviviparous?
What is metamorphosis?
Be familiar with each of the basal lineages of animals discussed in class.

Chapter 33
Know the following about all 8 major invertebrate phyla: Body symmetry, body cavity, sexual/asexual reproduction, where they live (may be many places), how they consume food, complete/incomplete digestive tract, any unique structures
Which are lophotrochozoans (and be prepared to describe lophotrochozoans) and which are ecdysozoans (and be prepared to describe ecdysozoans).
Be familiar with the basic body plans presented in class.
What are some protostome adaptations, and how do they differ between the groups of protostomes?

Chapter 34
Which phyla are deuterostomes?
What are the characteristics of deuterostomes?
What are the derived characters of chordates?
How do chordates and echinoderms differ in terms feeding, movement, reproduction, and parental care?
What reproductive adaptations are found in chordata and how do they differ from each other?
Which chordates have backbones? Which do not?
What are the characteristics of craniata?
What are the characteristics of chondrichthyes?
What are the characteristics of actinopterygii?
What are the characteristics of amphibia?
What are the characteristics of reptilia?
What are the characteristics of mammals?
What are the characteristics of primates?
What are the characteristics of anthropoidea?
What are the characteristics of homonidea?
What are the characteristics of the homininae?
Be familiar with the genera of human ancestors presented in lecture.
Where and when did human evolution likely occur?

Chapter 41
How do simple body forms exchange nutrients with their environment?
What are the benefits of complexity?
What kinds of tissues are there?
What are organs? What are organ systems?
What is an endotherm? What is an ectotherm?
What influences metabolic rate? How?
What is homeostasis?
What are the components of homeostasis?
How do animals cope with environmental change?
What is the difference between positive and negative feedback?
What is thermoregulation?
What is the difference between heterotherms and homeotherms?
What are the benefits of endothermy? What are the costs?
What is insulation and why is it helpful?
What circulatory adaptations are found in animals?
How is behavior adjusted to maintain body temperature?
What is torpor? What is dormancy?
What are countercurrent exchangers, and why are they important in biology?

Chapter 42
What is osmoregulation? What is an osmoregulator? What is an osmoconformer?
How do marine animals deal with water balance?
How do terrestrial animals deal water balance?
Why is transport epithelium important in maintaining water balance?
What are the primary forms of nitrogenous wastes including how they are formed?
Be generally familiar with the excretory systems of the invertebrates discussed in class.
Be familiar with the structure and function of the vertebrate kidney including all capillaries discussed in class.
Be able to describe, in detail, the process of filtration, pre-urine formation, and urine formation.
What hormones or other regulations govern the filtration process?