Chapter 24
How did Darwin's views of evolution and the change of species over time differ from other early biologists and thinkers?
What early scientists and thinkers influenced Darwin?
What is gradualism? Uniformitarianism?
How does Lamarck's theory of evolution differ from Darwin's?
What does descent with modification mean?
What is natural selection and how does it influence evolutionary change?
Be prepared to give evidence of evolution (and be prepared to give a full explanation of each).

Chapter 25
What is the smallest level of organization that can evolve?
What is microevolution and how does it differ from macroevolution?
What is a population and what is a gene pool?
Be sure you understand the mathematics of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
What are the conditions necessary for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium to exist?
When do those conditions exist?
What are the primary sources of variation within populations?
How do mutations lead to variation?
What is genetic drift? What is gene flow? How do they differ?
What is evolutionary fitness?
Does natural selection act on phenotype or genotype?
What are the 3 types of selection?
What is sexual dimorphism?
What is intrasexual selection? What is intersexual selection? How do they differ?
So, why sex?
What are the limitations of selection?

Chapter 26
What is the difference between anagenesis and cladogenesis?
What is the biological species concept?
What are the prezygotic barriers to speciation?
What are the postzygotic barriers to speciation?
Be sure you understand the other species concepts and their primary differences.
What is allopatric speciation? Parapatric? Sympatric?
Is evolution guided or have a goal?

Chapter 27
What is phylogenetics?
How are phylogenetic trees constructed?
What are morphological homologies?
What are molecular homologies?
Be prepared to read and interpret phylogenetic trees, cladograms, and other forms of evolutionary representations.
What is a clade?
What is maximum parsimony and why is it sought?
How is molecular biology used in determining evolutionary relationships?
How are the different types of fossils formed?
What conditions are necessary for fossil formation rather than typical decay?
What are some limitations of the fossil record and what is the cause of those limitations?
Be prepared to answer questions on the brief history of life presented in lecture.
What is adaptive radiation?
What are mass extinctions? How can you tell a mass extinction from any other extinction event?
What example of a mass extinction was presented in lecture (including the details)?

Chapter 31
What kinds of lifestyles do fungi have (how do they get their resources)?
In fungal mutualisms, what does the fungus provide? What does the mutual partner provide? Be prepared to give examples of the mutualisms discussed in lecture.
How is fungus important in the carbon cycle?
What are some economic impacts of fungi?
How and why are fungi used in eukaryotic genetics?
What characteristics are used to classify fungi?
What kinds of adaptations make fungi particularly good decomposers?
Be prepared to explain (in very basic terms) fungal reproduction.
Be familiar with the 4 groups of fungi presented in lecture.

Chapter 30
From what organisms did Plantae evolve?
Why and how do we study plants?
What characteristics are shared between plants and their closest relatives?
what are the derived characters in Plantae?
What characteristics help plants to prevent water loss?
Be prepared to describe the major differences betweeen the main groups of plants (non-vascular, seedless vascular, naked seeded, and flowering plants).
Which groups of plants produce spores?
Which groups of plants produce seeds?
Which groups of plant have vascular tissue?
Which groups of plants produce flowers?
Which groups of plants produce cones?
Which groups of plants produce stems? Roots? Leaves?
What are the unique structures of each group of plants?
Which generation is dominant in each group of plants?
What are the commonalities of seed plants (give a full explanation of each)?
What are the characteristics of gymnosperms?
Be prepared to outline the life cycle of a gymnosperm.
What are the 4 whorls of flowers found in angiosperms?
Be prepared to outline the life cycle of an angiosperm including an explanation of double fertilization.
How have animals and plants evolved together?

Chapter 36
What are the 3 organs found in plants?
What are main functions of each organ?
How do the organs differ between monocots and dicots?
What are the specific structural details of each organ?
Be prepared to discuss the major types of organ adaptations discussed in lecture.
Describe leaf arrangement (and structure).
What are the 3 tissue types?
Where are each of them found?
what are the 3 main cell types?
What is xylem?
Be able to describe the unique cells found in the xylem.
What is phloem?
Be able to describe the unique cells found in the phloem.
What are root hairs? What are the functions of root hairs?
What are guard cells? What are the functions of guard cells?
What are meristems? Where are they found?
What is secondary growth?
What are the zones in the root?
What is the internal structure of a root?
How does primary growth take place in shoots?
What is the internal structure of a shoot?
What is the internal structure of a leaf?
What is the vascular cambium and what does it do?
What is the difference between heartwood and sapwood?
How is bark formed and what is it formed from?

Chapter 37
What are stomata?
How are they involved in water conservation and photosynthesis?
What is transpiration?
How does water move through a plant (active or passive movement)?
What is water potential?
How is it calculated?
What are the components of water potential?
What is the solute potential of pure water?
What is the SPAC?
What are the pathways water can take when entering a root?
Where does apoplastic movement get blocked (how and why)?
What sorts of adaptations allow plants to minimize water loss?
What is translocation?
In what form is sugar transported thoughout the plant?
How are companion cells involved in translocation?
Be familiar with the basics of phloem loading and unloading (only the level of detail presented in lecture).